Redundancy Allocation using Multiple Weighted Objectives

Repetition Allocation utilizing Multiple Weighted Objectives Repetition Allocation utilizing different weighted destinations heuristic Dynamic Another technique for advancement of framework unwavering quality was advanced and tried. In this strategy, the fundamental point is to augment the individual framework unwavering quality. The result of individual framework unwavering quality products to the dependability of the whole framework. Thus the numerous weighted target heuristic includes separating of the issue into various goals and thusly into various single target issue. At that point this succession is finished by illuminating the straight programing detailing. The outcomes got are proficient arrangements which relies upon the promptly accessible instruments. Along these lines, in general this new technique is progressively productive when contrasted with the effectively accessible practices for both effectiveness and execution. Presentation of Articles The principle point of this diary is to structure an ideal answer for augment the framework unwavering quality. It includes understanding a difficult nonlinear programming that is broadly examined and applied. Another various weighted target technique was brought by changing over the issue into various individual goal to augment every subsystem unwavering quality for an arrangement and equal framework. The issue is additionally changed over to a successive standard direct programming calculations in a refreshed procedure. It is effectively adjusted procedure as it effectively acknowledges issues with a blend of segments with a superior level. Different scientific programming and other improvement strategies where fathomed utilizing repetition allotment. The repetition designation was tackled by compelling the issue to just one kind of part of the subsystem utilizing dynamic programming. Proxy approach is a productive method to suit different imperatives with dynamic programming. Scientific programming approaches confines by permitting one segment decision for every subsystem. In the model appeared in the figure underneath shows an arrangement equal framework. For every subsystem, there are numerous, utilitarian proportional segments accessible for utilized. The plan includes single segment choice for every subsystem or numerous parts chose in equal. The choice factors for repetition portion are selection of segments and level of excess. The MWO includes changing over single goal into numerous sub destinations. The following stage is to join numerous goals into single target into single destinations utilizing target loads. Diverse enhancement was executed with whole number programming and utilizing max-min idea to acquire an ideal pareto arrangement. Terminology Xij number of parts of type j utilized in subsystem I R(x)- System unwavering quality Ri(xi)- unwavering quality of subsystem I Wi target weight alloted to the ith subsystem Rimin-least subsystem unwavering quality for subsystem I Clarification of the work introduced in diary articles The goal of the issue is to augment the framework dependability R(x), given the limitations of the framework which is for the most part an arrangement equal framework. There are mi practically proportional parts accessible with various dependability, cost and weight for every subsystem. There are two general arrangement methodologies for numerous goal issue. The primary system is to acquire a composite capacity by joining the different target capacities. The subsequent technique is by getting a pareto-ideal set which is definitely not an extremely powerful strategy for the arrangement equal design framework, as there would be just conceivable ideal answer for one subsystem with exceptionally high unwavering quality and other with low dependability. The arrangement may have a possible ideal result actually yet for all intents and purposes it is a poor answer for the arrangement equal setup. The definition comprises of a few particular highlights that is introduced. First is by change technique to acquire an equal direct detailing for the excess assignment issue by utilizing standard whole number plan instruments and highlights. The second is that this detailing permits blending the part segments as a linearized definition and subsequently not constraining the arrangement space. An arrangement of Algebraic tasks is utilized to change over various target issue into equal subsystem issue. Numerical loads are joined to bring about numerous destinations. All destinations are similarly significant and are allocated with equivalent loads as disappointment is caused because of disappointment of any autonomous framework. An underlying framework plan arrangement is inferred by getting the answer for the issue. There are a few potential prospects to make another issue. There are two other options, one is to increment iteratively and methodicallly the goal loads. Furthermore, the other is to iteratively include imperatives and diminish the base subsystem unwavering quality. The first issue definition, and the substitute various target detailing, are introduced beneath as Problems P1 P2. Issue 1: Issue 2 : Issue P3 is a nonlinear number programming that is hard to explain. An equal direct writing computer programs is defined through a progression of target change. A comparable target work has the equivalent ideal arrangement. Conversation of Contributions The MWO heuristic relies upon an other or proxy enumerating. For the proxy issue, the objective is to expand the unwavering quality of each subsystem only to shape a numerous goal enhancement. It is cognizant that, in the event that the constancy of each subsystem is expanded, at that point the whole framework dependability will moreover be high. By taking diverse issue and distinctive general answer for join different individual arrangement into a consolidated single target answer for the framework. The creator thinks about various unmistakable attributes and cases for planning a straight programming for repetition assignment. He embraces two unique techniques, first being changing the standard whole number programming devices and programming. The subsequent he consolidates parts for straight definition and not limiting the arrangement space. He planned a comparable direct program that is gotten arrangement of target change for a non-straight whole number programming which is normal ly hard to unravel. A comparative consistent worth is deducted by which the ideal arrangement isn't changed. Augmentation issue is changed over to minimization issue. The arrangement that expands the framework unwavering quality likewise amplifies the subsystem dependability. Conversation of Dificiency and Potential Improvements The boundary that restrains the procedure in this technique is the arrangement time. Little issues that are under five subsystems can be fathomed by number programming definition for some combinational issue, however for enormous issues that are more noteworthy than ten subsystems it is hypothetically difficult to understand. In this procedure, most cases were comprehended in less than 15 seconds. In the event that by considering the size of the issue got from the CPU is promising. Rundown The different heuristic relies upon the first issue into a various target issue. The answer for this improvement issue can be controlled by this strategy in a successful manner. Numerous models were tried utilizing this technique and the outcomes that were acquired was acceptable. It can give a quick check of plausibility for nonlinear issue definitions and for increasingly troublesome issue. It has effortlessness and simplicity of execution; the heuristic was end up being a decent procedure to tackle the repetition designation issue. The worry about the materialness of the MWO2 heuristic was arrangement time. References David W. Coit and Abdullah Konak Multiple Weighted Objectives Heuristic for the Redundancy Allocation Problem ieee exchanges on unwavering quality, vol. 55, no. 3, september 2006. W. Kuo, V. Prasad, F. Tillman, and C. L. Hwang, Optimal Reliability Design: Fundamentals and Applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. D. W. Coit and A. E. Smith, Reliability enhancement for arrangement equal frameworks utilizing a hereditary calculation, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 254-260, June 1996. Likelihood of Failure Likelihood of Failure Mode Conceivable Failure Rate Likelihood Positioning High : Failure is practically unavoidable à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¥ 1 of every 2 .50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¤ p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¤ 1.00 10 High à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¥ 1 of every 3 .33 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¤ p 9 High : rehashed Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¥ 1 of every 8 .125 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¤ p 8 High à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¥ 1 of every 20 .05 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¤ p 7 Moderate : Occasional Failures à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¥ 1 of every 80 .0125 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¤ p 6 Moderate à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¥ 1 of every 400 .0025 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¤ p 5 Moderate : Infrequent Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¥ 1 of every 2000 .0005 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¤ p .0025 4 Low : Relatively Few Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¥ 1 of every 15,000 .0000667 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¤ p 3 Low à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¥ 1 of every 150,000 6.7 x 10^-6 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¤ p 2 Remote : disappointment is Unlikely à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¥ 1 of every 1,500,000 6.7 x 10^-7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ ¤ p 1 Probability of Detection Location Models Positioning Practically Impossible No realized way identify disappointment mode 10 Remote Unlikely to identify disappointment mode 9 Remote Improbable to identify disappointment mode 8 Low Low opportunity to identify disappointment mode 7 Low Low Chance to identify disappointment mode 6 Moderate Moderate opportunity to identify disappointment mode 5 Tolerably High Tolerably high opportunity to identify disappointment mode 4 High Liable to identify disappointment mode 3 High Likely to distinguish disappointment mode 2 Practically Certain Will in all likelihood recognize disappointment mode 1 Seriousness Rating Seriousness Standards Positioning Dangerous all of a sudden May imperil administrator; rebelliousness with guidelines; influences the protected utilization of the item;

COMPANY & INDUSTRY INFORMATION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization and INDUSTRY INFORMATION - Assignment Example was set up when Frito Company converged with H. W. Lay Company in 1961. At the hour of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. merger, the principle results of the consolidated organization (by and by known as PepsiCo, Inc.) were Pepsi-Cola, Diet Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Fritos brand corn chips, Lays brand potato chips, Cheetos brand cheddar enhanced bites, Ruffles brand potato chips and Rold Gold brand pretzels. 1970s: PepsiCo turned out to be entirely predominant and represented an intense test to the Coca-Cola Company. The opposition between the two behemoth famously came to be known as the ‘the cola wars.’ PepsiCo propelled ‘The Pepsi Challenge’, an earth shattering universal promoting procedure. Pepsi turned into the single biggest selling soda pop brand in American stores. PAB fabricates and advertises various well known brands including Pepsi-Cola, Mountain Dew, Gatorade, Tropicana Pure Premium, Propel, IZZE and Naked Juice. PAB additionally offers prepared to-drink teas and espressos vital partnerships with Starbucks and Unilever. PepsiCo Americas Foods offers mainstream food and snacks to buyers all through North and Latin America. The PepsiCo Americas Foods worldwide specialty unit incorporates Frito-Lays North America, Quaker Foods North America and Latin America food and nibble organizations. The famous food items sold by these divisions incorporate Lay’s, Doritos, Ruffles, Gamesa, Quaker Oats and Sabritas. The PepsiCo Europe worldwide specialty unit is liable for selling the company’s drink, food and tidbit marks in Europe and South Africa. The significant brands sold in these locales incorporate Pepsi, 7UP, Tropicana, Lays, Walkers, Cheetos and Ruffles. PepsiCo AMEA markets different drinks, tidbits and food marks in Asia, Middle East and Africa (barring South Africa). Pepsi, Mirinda, 7UP, Aquafina, Tropicana, Chipsy, Kurkure, Doritos, Cheetos and Smiths are a portion of the well known brand sold by the AMEA worldwide specialty unit. PepsiCo is in the food and refreshment business. The

Essay Technology In Educational Setting Example

Essay Technology In Educational Setting Example Essay: Technology In Educational Setting â€" Essay Example > Outline Summary of the main pointsIntroductionIt deals with definition o f term educational technology and expounding of the concept in relation to k-10 curriculum-Australia. Policy StatementsThis part has expounded on the k-10 Curriculum in Australia recommended by the Board of Studies, NSW. The OutcomesThis part deals with the milestones gained because of incorporation educational technology in curriculum and specifically in the area of Software Development and Programming. .RelevanceIt elaborates application of educational technology in everyday living. INTRODUCTIONEducational technology encompasses the selective use of acquired skills, materials within ones disposal and past encounters to initiate mechanism and products that will meet with the emerging need of human beings (Winzenried, 2009). The definition of technology according to United Nations Education, Social and Cultural Organization is…”the know-how and creative process that may assist people to utilize tools, res ources and systems to solve problems and to enhance control over natural and made environment in an endeavor to improve human condition” (UNESCO, 1985). The application of technology will depend entirely on the individual standard of living, economy among others. In most circumstances, the technology of a given group of people will depend on their desires and requirements (Penrith, 2009). In a curriculum to have dynamic, inventive and business-oriented students there is need to come up with comprehensive technology to meet their daily life challenges. Since1989, States, Commonwealth countries, and Territories came up with most important national inventiveness in order to come up with statements and policies. These policies provide a platform for curriculum development, which will inculcate the skills required for teaching and learning technology. The Australian Educational Council (AEC) made up high profile governmental officials ushered in the work, which outlined indispensable pathway through which the skills and understanding would be developed and disseminated to the students (Winzenried, 2009). Policies and Statements from the K-10 Curriculum of the Board of Studies, (NSW)The syllabus is tailored and planned by the Board of Studies (NSW), in order to meet the specific needs of the learners (Winzenried, 2009). The syllabus has a number of specific requirements geared towards meeting learner’s goals and gather for the diverse groups of learners. These are some of the prospectus and course outline requirements: The syllabus encompasses the fully utilization of learner’s abilities and strengths directed top develop a leaner who can tackle life challenges with ease and sustain a conducive environment for his existence after schooling. The syllabus entails strategies to inculcate to the leaner the positive values. These values and ethics will enable the learner to live a productive life that is up to the standards of the society (Penrith, 2009). The K- 10 curriculum also plays a pivotal role in the producing learners who are proactive and are vibrant members of the society’s who are integrated members of the society; are needed to be actively involved in societal affairs taking into account the ethics within him. While in participating in the societal matters, they should also take care of the religious nature. The syllabus itself provide avenues in which one can enjoy the learning process and gain morale for further studies or work later in life (Winzenried, 2009). The k-10 curriculum gears towards producing learners who will advocate and be part of the society which cultivate values of impartiality and equality to all diverse groups of people in the society. This framework of syllabus provide to learners the spirit of further studies and consistency of learning process hence providing smooth merger between one level to the other.

Analysis Of The Task Of The Translator - 1924 Words

Offering another possible explanation for this interest in Classical culture, Colin Teevan admits that: it does seem to me that Irish writers are drawn to these Trojan stories not simply because the current conflict in Northern Ireland might be analogous to the Trojan War, but also because in the source texts themselves Euripides and Sophocles are drawing analogies between the Trojan War and the Peloponnesian War, a conflict that bears a much greater resemblance to our own, a conflict in which Greek fought Greek and any unifying Greek identity was shattered. (84) However, while ancient history no doubt plays a part in this interest in Ireland s ancient genealogy, the act of translation plays an – at least- equally integral part. And in The Task of the Translator, Walter Benjamin touches upon aspects of translation that would seem to make translation itself an ideal metaphor for cultural exploration. Benjamin posits translation as an almost organic, evolutionary aspect of some literary works. The original literary text, he contends, is a mutable organism that changes over time: Even words with fixed meaning can undergo a maturing process. The obvious tendency of a writer s literary style may in time wither away only to give rise to immanent tendencies in the literary creation. What sounded fresh once may sound hackneyed later; what was once current may someday sound quaint. (73) Benjamin terms this period after a literary work s creation its afterlife, andShow MoreRelatedTranslation Analysis : `` The Panther `` And Madame Bovary762 Words   |  4 Pages Translation Analysis Since there is no a definitive translation of any text, multiple translations can allow us to conceive the original text (even if we don’t know the language of the source text). 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Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd ) - 1579 Words

Tavis Daluz-Cates Mrs. Cellini Genetics Period E 5/5/2016 Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder What is it? Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is a disorder that occurs in the brain that results in a lack of attention and an impulse of hyperactivity. This can interfere with the person’s development and functioning. People who suffer from ADHD show patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. In children, ADHD is shown to be more common in boys than in girls. Some studies report a high ratio of boys to girls. The inattentive type of ADHD is found more commonly in girls than in boys. People who have ADHD as children usually maintain the full diagnosis into adulthood. Even if they don t the children will have some residual symptoms of ADHD as adults. Families who have children with ADHD experience much higher anxiety and stress levels than families without. Many children will exhibit signs of ADHD by the age of four. However, most children are not diagnosed until they reaches elementary school. Living with ADHD can put children put at risk for a host of other problems and complications such as, alcohol and other drug abuse, completing their education, and an increased risk for delinquency. There has been been a lot of research on ADHD in recent years and many different types of medications and interventions have proven to be quite helpful or at least lessen the severity of the symptoms. With the properShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1145 Words   |  5 Pages Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder To Medicate or Not to Medicate with Adderall? Meghan L. Gonzales National University Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder To Medicate or Not to Medicate with Adderall? 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Ashaba-Ahebwa Mark on Civil Law in the Ugandan Jurisdiction Essay Free Essays

string(53) " which is inconsistent with their present testimony\." The topographic point and manner of test is normally determined by type of test and proceedings. If you make an application by biddings. so you will be heard in Chambers. We will write a custom essay sample on Ashaba-Ahebwa Mark on Civil Law in the Ugandan Jurisdiction Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Procedure 1 – where suspect elects non to name grounds The Plaintiff or recommend makes an gap address referred to sometimes as an gap statement. After that the complainant informants are called. examined cross examined and re-examined. After that the complainant or his advocator amounts up the instance by doing a shutting address. After that the Defendant states their instance and makes a shutting address. Procedure 2 – Defence elects to name grounds Advocates for the complainant makes an opening statement. the complainant informants are called. examined. cross-examined and re-examined. After that the defendant’s advocate makes an opening statement. After that the defendant’s informants are called. examined. cross examined and rhenium examined. After the Plaintiff or his advocator amounts up the instance by doing the shutting address. Thereafter the suspect sums up the instance and makes a shutting address besides. The Defendant can answer to the plaintiff’s shutting. The answer merely covers new land. In instances where there are many suspects and many complainants the same process will use but if the suspects are represented individually. so the advocates will individually do their entries individually by order of visual aspect. Cross scrutiny of informant will besides follow the order in which they proceed. Co complainants will usually be represented by the same advocate. Who has the right to get down the instance? Order XVII Rule 1 The complainant or the applier has the right to get down. Of class there are certain exclusions to that right to get down. 1. Where the Defendant admits the facts alleged by the complainant but raises an expostulation on a portion of jurisprudence. In such a instance the suspect should be entitled to get down by subjecting on that portion of the jurisprudence. For illustration. say one raises a supplication of Res Judicata? In such a instance one can state that they have sued the suspect by they have raised an expostulation on the portion of the jurisprudence a and in this instance. the Defendant has the right to get down on a supplication of RESs judicata. Or the Defendant raises the supplication of restriction. they have the right to subject on that point of jurisprudence. However it is advisable that one should ever set it in the pleadings whatever supplication they intend to raise. 2. Where the Defendants admits the facts alleged by the complainant but states that the complainant is non entitled to the alleviation that they seek for illustration drawn from Seldon v. Davidson in which instance the complainant brought proceedings for recovery of a debt. In their defense mechanism the suspects admitted that they received the money from the complainant but pleaded that the money was a gift. In this instance the suspect has a right to get down. Suppose there are several issues? May be it could be many different parties and there is a difference as to who should hold the right to get down? The tribunal will direct that the party with the load of turn outing the bulk of issues shall get down. Opening Statement What should it incorporate It is normally a brief lineation of either the defendant’s or the plaintiff’s instance. normally it will province the facts merely. They will be stating the tribunal the informant that they intend to name and will be giving a prevue of what they intend to turn out. Normally this is an debut to the full test and it is of import that it is interesting. logical. credible and in a narrative signifier. Usually it is non necessary for the Judge to enter the gap addresss unless one raises a point of jurisprudence. It is of import that a note should be made in the tribunal record that an gap address was made. an gap address must non incorporate grounds. It should merely be limited to a statement of basic facts that the parties intend to turn out or trust on as defense mechanism. After you make the gap statements. you move on to scrutiny in head. Examination OF WITNESSES Examination in Chief When you call a informant there are 3 phases1. Examination in head2. Cross Examination3. Re scrutiny Examination in Chief The object of scrutiny in head is to arouse facts that are favorable to the instance of the party naming the informant. In other words the test in head is when you question your first informant. Sometimes the plaintiffs themselves. Normally they will be giving grounds that will be favorable to their instance. It is governed by two regulations ( a ) The informant can non be asked prima inquiries – these are inquiries that suggest the reply expected of that individual. For illustration you can non inquire Was your concern running into fiscal troubles last twelvemonth? You should inquire what was the fiscal place of your concern last twelvemonth? The art of cognizing whether a inquiry is taking is learnt with experience. ( B ) The scrutiny must non be conducted in an assaultive mode. Normally at cross scrutiny you can assail but you can non make that to your ain informant. If your informant turns hostile. you can inquire the tribunal to declare the informant a hostile informant a nd one time the tribunal does that. you can so assail the informant. When a informant is declared hostile ( I ) You will be allowed to impeach the creditability of that informant ; ( two ) You can inquire prima inquiries ( three ) You can inquire them inquiries that touch on their truthfulness and even their past character and old strong beliefs. ( four ) You can besides be able to analyze on certain issues by leave of the justice e. g. you can oppugn the hostile informant on statements they made antecedently which is inconsistent with their present testimony. You read "Ashaba-Ahebwa Mark on Civil Law in the Ugandan Jurisdiction Essay" in category "Essay examples" This can assist to demo that the witne3ss is giving conflicting grounds which the tribunal is allowed to decide when they are taking the grounds into history. You must take witness statements. If they give grounds inconsistent with the statement that they signed. you can impeach their credibleness and bring forth the informant statement. CROSS EXAMINATION There are 3 purposes of cross scrutiny 1. To arouse farther facts which are favorable to the cross analyzing party ; 2. To prove and if possible dramatis personae uncertainty on the grounds given by the informant in head ; 3. To impeach the credibleness of the informant. Cross scrutiny – the range is broad one is allowed to inquire prima inquiries. inquiry a informant on old testimony. it is non restricted in any manner. A good Advocate will ne’er bury the virtuousness of courtesy. RE EXAMINATION Once you have examined your informant in head. the other side cross-examines your informant. The re scrutiny is a sort of retrieval procedure. This is when you try to mend the lesions that were opened up in cross scrutiny. Most of import. re-examination is purely restricted to affairs that arose at cross scrutiny. The tribunal besides has powers to inquire a witness inquiries for the intent of clear uping points. SUBMISSION OF NO CASE TO ANSWER The suspect may do a defense mechanism of no instance to reply after the entry by the complainant. The Judge must make up one’s mind whether there is any grounds that would warrant seting the suspects on their defense mechanism. Normally if the entry of no instance to reply is non upheld. the instance continues. If the tribunal says that there is no instance to reply. that governing can be challenged on Appeal. Taking DOWN EVIDENCE Normally grounds of informants is taken orally in unfastened tribunal under the way of a Magistrate or Judge. it is usually written down in narrative signifier i. e. non inquiry and reply signifier but where there is particular ground. the grounds may be in inquiry and reply signifier. The regulation is that the tribunal may on its gesture taken down a peculiar inquiry verbatim and the reply verbatim. Where either party objects to a inquiry and the tribunal allows it. so the tribunal should enter the inquiry. the reply and the expostulation and the name of the individual raising the expostulation and if they make a opinion they must besides enter the opinion of the expostulation raised. Tact is required as you may happen that. Sometimes if you object excessively much you can annoy the Judge. Object merely for of import things. In the class of taking grounds. the tribunal may besides enter comments made by informants while under scrutiny and usually after taking down the grounds the justice will subscribe that grounds. The tribunals can besides enter comments and demeanor of a informant. PROSECUTION A ; ADJOURNMENT OF SUITS Public policy paperss that concern of the tribunal should be conducted efficiently. It is of great importance and in the involvement of justness that action should be brought to test and finalised with minimal hold. Order XVI Rule 1 requires that hearing of instances should be on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours footing until all informants have testified. However this is non ever possible and that is why the tribunal may recess a hearing on its ain gesture or upon application by either of the parties where good class is shown. The regulation requires that dissolutions can be granted where good cause is shown Habib V Rajput the complainant instance came up for hearing. the advocators applied for dissolution on the evidences that their client was absent for some unexplained grounds. The respondent opposed stating that his informants were already in tribunal and had come from really far off and it was bing a few thousand shillings to maintain them there per twenty-four hours. Was the plaintiff’s ground good cause to recess. The tribunal ruled that no sufficient cause was shown and the application for dissolution was dismissed. Kamil V. Merali NO STEPS TAKEN – Order XVI Rule 6 Under Rule 6. where no application has been made or stairss taken for 3 old ages by either party. the tribunal may order the suit to be dismissed but normally the application should demo do why the suit should non be dismissed. Any instance which is dismissed under Rule 6 can be instituted afresh topic to regulations of restriction. Victoria Construction Co. V. Dugall The tribunal considered the significance of stairss taken within the significance of Rule 6. the Case was filed in November 1958 and in 1960 the Applicant decided to mention the instance to an arbiter but efforts to decide the difference through arbitration failed. The affair went to kip until 1962 where the registrar asked the parties to demo cause why the suit should non be dismissed. The Plaintiff contended that the stairss to seek arbitration amounted to stairss taken. The inquiry was whether an understanding to mention the affair to arbitration was a measure taken and the tribunal held that that was non a measure taken and the instance was dismissed. In this instance. the tribunal explained 1. That one has to fulfill the tribunal that the suit is ready to continue without hold. 2. One has to fulfill the tribunal that the suspect will endure no adversity ; 3. That there has been none frequent inaction by the Plaintiff. It is advisable at the clip the instance comes up for hearing to inquire that it be stood over by and large ( SOG ) to give you clip to travel to arbitration and if you are non ready. you can ever travel back to tribunal and seek an extension. This manner there is a measure taken. Shutting Address You are stating the tribunal that you have presented your grounds. that you have proved that so and so is apt and you will besides be stating the tribunal that this is the jurisprudence and if applied to the facts of your instance so the jurisprudence should back up your supplications. You will be stating the tribunal of past determinations that support your instance. You will accommodate the facts. the jurisprudence and past determinations that support your instance. You make your instance in the shutting statements. How to cite Ashaba-Ahebwa Mark on Civil Law in the Ugandan Jurisdiction Essay, Essay examples

Politics free essay sample

The functions of politics, politicians, mass media and practitioners and the extent, to which they perform their functions in Nigeria, formed the main focus of this paper. The paper used the actualization of electoral campaign promises by politicians to base its discussion and evaluate how the mass media, politicians and politics have performed as functional units of the Nigerian society to achieve these promises. The paper adopted the Pluralist Functionalist theory and the Agenda Setting theory to support its position and discussion. Findings revealed that politics and politicians to a large extent have failed in delivering their campaign promises to the electorate in Nigeria and the mass media and its practitioners who are meant to be the â€Å"watch dog† of the society and the government are not doing much, and has seemingly assumed the position of â€Å"dog watch†. This according to the paper is mainly due to the culture of greed that has slowly crept into our society. We will write a custom essay sample on Politics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The paper is however quick to add that the situation is not all negative, politics in Nigeria is improving and the mass media though not utilizing its full potentials has contributed to its growth and held the politicians accountable to some of their campaign promises to the masses but more still needs to be done on the part of all. The paper concludes that our value culture in Nigeria needs proper re-orientation- people who have failed in government or politicians who have siphon public funds should not be celebrated and the freedom of information law recently passed by the National Assembly should be fully implemented to enable the mass media practitioners monitor the activities of politicians even better. INTRODUCTION: Society is a complex structure that is made up of different organs that work in unison to help it attains its goals and aspiration in an atmosphere of peace and unity. The successes recorded in the cause of achieving societal goals translate in general into the developmental success of a nation. This common assumption can be observed in all societies of the world and Nigeria is by no means exempted from this assertion. Key element in the development of any nation is determined by how well the major players involve in the actualization of its policies perform their responsibilities. In Nigeria, one could easily identify these key elements to include: politics, politicians, mass media and practitioners. Though there are several others but these four shall be the focus of this paper. The question that readily comes to mind is how well the four elements (politics, politician, mass media and practitioners) as vital elements in the development process perform their functions in Nigeria? What is the relationship between politics, politician, mass media and practitioners as it relates to their performing the functions the nation and society in particular expects of them? CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION: For the purpose of understanding it is important to demystify the following concepts as it relates to their usage in this paper in other to place the reader on a better pedestal to follow this discourse. Politics: can simply be describe as the market place or arena where ideas on public policies, societal goals and the best approaches to achieving those goals are bought, sold, discussed and debated in an organized forum. It is the blueprint machinery that shapes the development direction of a nation. The Greek philosopher Aristotle describes man as a â€Å"political animal†. This invariably means that man cannot separate himself from politics, the activities of politics will affect him one way or another. Ekeanyanwu and Adekoya (2008) assert that the term politics originated from the greek word â€Å"polis† which refers to the political community and the debates on matters of public interest. Politicians: politician are the active players in politics, they include those in elected position of authority in the society or those seeking elective offices, active political parties card carrying member, those who possess political charisma and are involved in mass mobilization and demobilization for political office seekers or political parties. Microsoft Encarta, (2009) defined a politician as somebody active in politics or somebody who actively or professionally engages in politics. Mass Media: they are the technological base use in disseminating mass mediated messages. They can be sub-divided into print (newspaper, magazine and books) and electronic media (radio and television). They provide a medium through which messages can be disseminated to a large audience with a high level of simultaneity. Mass Media Practitioners: are those who are professionally trained to make use of the mass media in the process of gathering, processing and dissemination of information and ideas. Society, Nation and Nigeria shall be use inter-changeably in this paper. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: This paper is anchored on two theories that critically examined the functions of the mass media in society and the role the mass media should play in its relationship with other organs of society. The paper therefore, finds relevance in the Pluralist Functionalist Theory and the Agenda Setting Theory. The pluralist functionalist theory otherwise known structural functionalism or social system theory, holds that a society is like a system which is made up of many parts with each of these parts contributing to the overall maintenance of the whole. As the part within the society interact, they inevitably affect one another, (light and keller 1998) in Iwokwagh (2005). The pluralist considers the society to be consisted of pluralist of interest values, views, opinions, institutions etc none of which is predominant over another. In this concept therefore the mass media are seen as part of the social institutions competing with other institutions in the society basically functioning to maintain a stable ordered society. Under this theory the mass media serve society by creating public opinion that is favourable to the growth and development of society. The agenda setting theory according to McComb and Shaw (1974) posit that the emphasis the mass media places on an issue influences the audience to also view the issue as important. The media attach certain weight to news stories through placement, size and frequency of appearance of such stories. Agenda setting posit that audience learn these salient issues from the news media, thus incorporating a similar set of weights and important into their own personal agenda. (Ekeanyanwu, 2007). Kunczik, (1988) cited by Folarin, (1998, p. 67) points out that the opportunity for agenda-setting by the mass media becomes enhanced when the value structure of a society is in a state of flux. The two theories found their relevance in this paper in the sense that the mass media as captured in the pluralist functionalist theory are organs that are part of the super-structure of society and are expected to perform their functions in a manner that will positively affect the other organs of society to achieve the general will being of society- by translation the nation. These functions can be efficiently and effectively performed using the agenda setting principle which raises areas of conflict or matters affect society to the plain of discussion for them to be addressed by the relevant stake holders in the society. Issues bothering on politics, politicians, and even the mass media and its practitioners can be brought to the front burner for discussion and debate with society all the better for it. DISCUSSION OF THE PAPER: This paper shall be discussed using the delivery of campaign promises by politicians and the effort of the mass media in holding them to be accountable to such campaign promises and evaluate how politics, politician, mass media and practitioners have performed their functions in the Nigerian society using a holistic approach that is in line with the tenants of the two theories used in this paper. THE ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA AND ITS PRACTITIONERS IN SOCIETY. The mass media perform very vital role in society which serve both society and the various institution of government. These functions are presented by Dominic, (1994) he summits that for society to exist, certain communication needs must be met. These needs include: †¢ surveillance †¢ Interpretation function †¢ Linkage †¢ transmission of values †¢ Entertainment Surveillance refers to news and information role of the media. The media has taken the position of sentinel (people who scanned the environment and report danger in the primitive age) in modern society. The media gathers information about happenings in society and report to members of the society who may not have had the opportunity to get such information on their own. Recent happenings in Nigerian society such as bomb blast and kidnapping and most recently the flood disaster in Lagos, Kebbi, Sokoto and Bauchi are carefully followed by the media and society is kept abreast with latest development as they unfold. Dominic, (1994) divide the surveillance function of the mass media into two: (a) warning or beware surveillance, this occurs when the media inform us about threat from hurricanes, erupting volcanoes, depressed economic conditions, increase in inflation or military attacks etc. (b) instrumental surveillance, this has to do with the transmission of information that is useful and helpful to ever one’s life. Examples, news about what films are playing in local theatres stock market prices, new product, fashion ideas etc. This function of the mass media is very relevant in assess the extent the mass media have perform their functions in society especially as it relates to the activities of politics and politicians. This shall be fully discusses later in this paper has performed. Similarly, Sambe, (2005) commenting further on the surveillance function of mass media opines that the mass media are the eyes and ears of the public. News media provide information and alert us of the changes that take place around us. He further allude that in performing its surveillance function, therefore, the mass media in Nigeria keep watch over the government, its three arms and the entire society, so as to keep their performance up to the standard that would encourage development of the country. Interpretation function- the mass media does not supply just fact and data. They also provide information on the meaning and significance of those events. The most obvious example of this function according to Dominic can be found on the editorial pages of newspapers. Interpretation, comment, and opinion are provided for the readers so that he or she can gain added perspectives on the news stories carried on the other pages of the news paper. Analysis of the causes behind a particular event or discussion of implication of government policies are also examples of the interpretation functions of mass communication in society. Linkages- the mass are able to join together by interpersonal channels elements of society that are not directly connected. For example mass advertising attempt to like the needs of buyers with the products of sellers. Another type of linkage occurs when geographically separated groups that share common interest are linked by the media. This was exemplified in the recent political happenings the Middle East where with the aid of the mass media and social network and community or citizen journalism, news about the Islamic revolution that started in Egypt was spread to other nation of the Arab world as a result of the linkage offered by mass media. It has given members of the society with a common cause the ability to co-ordinate themselves and carryout action in unison. Transmission of values- this is also another important function of the mass media in society, by watching, listening and reading, we learn what values are important to emulate and the ones to abandon. The mass media in performing these functions also help building our political culture and political awareness. An Evaluation of how Politics, Politicians, Mass Media and Practitioners have performed Their Functions in Nigeria. How the three element identified in the sub-head above perform their functions in Nigeria present a very unique scenario that leaves much room for complain in Nigeria. Politics in its ideal state is a platform that is used to discuss matters of public interest and where such matters are debated for a better public understanding to encourage effective participation. However, politics in Nigeria has been characterized by â€Å"godfatherism† violence, assassination and played by taking undue advantage of ethnic, religious regional and zonal dichotomy. The violence that erupted in Kaduna, Bauchi, Niger and a few other Northern states in the aftermath of the 2011 president election which led to serious loss of lives especially those of Natinal Youth Service Corp member and the colossal destruction of parties is a clear example of how politics is played in our society. The assassination of Chief Bola Ige, Harry Marshall, Funsho Williams, Kudirat Abiola just to mention a few are those who have met their tragic end in the dangerous minefield of Nigerian politics. Political discussion which is supposed to be a forum for the presentation of political policies and ideas to the public has become fatal ground for expression of bitterness, accusations and counter-accusations by politicians. Political rallies that is meant to be an opportunity for politicians to present their manifestoes and â€Å"sell† their ideas and intended policies to the electorate has become a ground for the abuse of philanthropy where rice, Maggie cubes, recharge card vouchers, money and under incentives are distributed. Politicians make a lot of mouth watering promises to the people during electioneering campaigns but utterly forget such promises as soon as they get into power and little or no attention is given to the needs and yearnings of the society and the electorate that elected them. For instance former President Olusegun Obasanjo promised to solve the nagging issue of poor power supply in the country during the first tenure of his government but eight years later with millions of Naira supposedly spent on the power sector the problem remained the same. Also the government of former Governor George Akume now Senator in Benue State claimed to have built a juice process factory and eight years after his government and almost five years in to the government of Governor Gabriel Suswam the factory still remain a mirage and the anticipated employment it would have generated for the teeming Benue indigenes has remained an elusive dream. Similarly, the government of President Goodluck Jonathan promised an eighteen per cent minimum wage for Nigeria workers and for well over one years the government has been unable to fulfill this promise even when abour decided to go on a three days warning strike but called it off as a result of interest in compliance shown by the government their subsequent meeting with the representative of the government still hit a deadlock. Lamenting on this situation, Nsikak, (2008) decries that: Governance in Nigeria is a monologue of the ruling class, by the ruling class and for the ruling class. He further added th at the ruling class or political class as they are otherwise called has no sense of being beholden to the electorate, in fact, its legitimacy dos not emanate from the electorate. It legitimacy as it were, derives from an intricate web of electoral subterfuge, ethno-political nepotism, and the brazen use of the apparatus of state for conquest and personal aggrandizement. This monolithic situation has left most Nigerians at the mercy of the elected politicians who occupy most of the â€Å"juicy† offices in our society. One might purse to ask. What is the role of the media in all of these? Because it has been commonly observed that most politicians make promises during campaign that were never met and claim completion of project the non-existence. The mass media must and should go out to investigate in campaign promises are being made and if the promises time from has expired it should brought to the plain of discussion using the agenda setting mechanism to call the attention of such politician in government about such promises or policies to be implemented or further debated by the public. Giving credence to this position, Budge-Reid, (1999) cited in Akpan, (2008) emphasizes that the importance of public policy discussion and alert o the dangers in the failure to debate publicly: â€Å"making sustainable policy that is not subjected to informed public debate is rarely sustainable. Media should be at the heart of policy making reflecting and communicating debate†. To further buttress this point, Grabber, (1995) further argues that through high quality, thoughtful comments and debate on public issues, the mass media play a key role in supporting good policies and building decent society. To have a clear grasp of the contribution the mass media perform in the political setting of a nation, Gurevitch, and Blumler, (1977, p. 274) rightly comment that the structural root of the power of the mass media springs from their unique capacity to deliver to the politician an audience which, in size and composition, is unavailable to him by any other means. Indeed, the historical significance of the growing role of mass communication in politics lies, among other things, in the resulting enlargement of the receiver base to such an extent that previous barriers to audience involvement (e. . low level of education and weak political interest) have been largely over come and the audience for political communication has become virtually co-terminus with membership of society itself. Akpan, (2008) further added that the mass media are not expected, professionally to wait until the policy maker who may be uncomfortable that the mass media mass may rival him or become too critical of hi s proposals to inform them of issues. This submission by Akpan makes investigative journalism a very important tool in the hands of the Nigerian mass media practitioners. Though the mass media are trying but more needs to be done in this area. A situation where a government or politicians forward news items or advertorials through their press secretary to the media on projects or policies that have been completed on implemented, the media must do follow-up to ensure that such news are truthful and not to simply collect the money and look the other way as it is commonly done. The mass media to a large extent may have allowed itself to be internalized into projecting the views of what Karl Marx refers to as the dominant class (those who control economic and political power) at the expense of the masses by not adequately holding politicians to their campaign promises. Though argument have been put forward that the mass media and its practitioners has not been given the adequate freedom and enabling environment to function but in contrast to this arguments is the way the mass media come together to fight the military junta to a standstill and were able to do so under dictatorial tendencies in the past. Why is it difficult to achieve such height under a democratic regime? It is the submission of this paper that the failure of politics, politicians, mass media and practitioners in the performance of their functions in Nigeria owes to a large extent to the culture of greed which has slowly but largely finds its way into the fabric of the Nigerian society. It is due to share greed and the crude and ridiculous accumulation of wealth that will drive a politician to siphon funds that is meant for the provision of public infrastructures in the manner in which they do. Even the mass media is not speared in this negative crave for wealth, issues of brown envelop has been a cause of concern for media practitioners and stake holders in the industry. The picture though seems negative, but the performance of politics, politicians, mass media and practitioners is not all negative. Politics despite its short comings in Nigeria seem to have remained stable since its inception in 1999, the politician both in the military and democratic era have succeeded in maintaining the unity of Nigeria and assert her position of influence in Africa. We have witness crisis that could have led to war or total anarchy in other smaller nations but the country has managed to stay together even in the wake of religious crisis, tribal war, militancy and Boko Haram, however, many Nigerians have continue to question the high price this togetherness is costing the Nigerian society. The government has been able to reduce our foreign debt by persuasively getting the Paris Club to cancel some of our debt; this has given the Nigerian economy some sigh of relief. We have also witness some level of improvement in the polity, the 2011 election has been adjudged by both local and international observers as largely free and fair unlike the previous two in the last twelve years (2003 and 2007) that were describe as monumental failure, characterized by rigging and intimidations and a clear use of state apparatus and naked power. The mass media have also tried despite its shortcomings and the difficult terrain it has been forced to operate to promote and entrench the value of democracy in the society. One cannot be too quick to forget the role the mass media played in the coming of the democracy we are enjoying in the nation today. Many media organizations were shot down, proscribe with so many editors and reporters forced to go into hiding but yet the media never give up until democratic rule was returned in the country. The mass media and its practitioners have also tried in the area of exposing corruption and fraud in the country. The News Watch magazine exposure of the certificate forgery of the then speaker of the Federal House of Representative Salisu Buhari, which eventually led to his removal from office and the age controversy scandal of the former Senate President Evans Ewerem are all credited to the investigative activities of the mass media. CONCLUSION: The Nigeria society as it relates to the activities of politics, politicians, mass media and practitioners is indeed improving though it may not be at the pace most Nigerians want but there is visible improvement in the polity. The 2011 elections were done in a much more transparent atmosphere with people more willing to vote and stay back to witness their being counted. This was a as a result of the improvement in the political structure, the political awareness created by the mass media and the return of the peoples confident in their ballot and if this situation is maintained and improved upon the politicians will equally change the way they play politics. Similar view is also shared by Ari-Veikko (1997) when he concludes that the field of relevant agents with their power and exchange relations is becoming increasingly diffuse. This is due to the wide range of contextual changes. Politicians are not immune to them. On the contrary, they are at the very core of this transformational process. Politicians relations to citizens (and voters), business communities and the representatives of interest groups form as such an instance of mediated and aggregated modes of societal interaction. Mass communication, political marketing, electronic democracy and related means of communication are changing politicians roles. They are to serve as visionary representatives of people and of mediators of people and legitimate policy interventions in conditions of uncertainty and disorganized social relations. Moreover, the changing internal structure of the political sphere has its impact on politicians’ interrelatedness at different levels of government. We also see the relative freedom being enjoyed by the mass media, being used to give the Nigerians masses a platform to express their views on political event and also giving more access to political analylist to comment on happenings in the country which will help to increase the awareness level of the citizenries and keep government on its toe. RECOMMENDATIONS: 1. There is need for the politics of money that is played in Nigeria to be de-emphasized to encourage those who might want to participate actively in politics to do so without having to depend on â€Å"money bags† or having to take huge loans from banks or even going to the extent of selling their personal assets, a situation that only encourages corruption when they get into office because they must recover the money spent. It is needless to mention this scenario also discourage well meaning individual to participate in politics because of the cost implications. . The mass media should be allowed to perform it functions without fear or intimidation. The freedom of information law recently passed must be fully enforced to enable the mass media perform more efficiently and effectively. 3. People who have stolen public funds through their position of authority should be made to face the full wroth of the law. The society and indeed the mass media should not celebrate such person.